(5) Yoga means Union. 
     What are the elements which are united or to be united when this 
word is used in its common sense of a practice widely spread in Hindustan 
whose object is the emancipation of the individual who studies and 
practises it from the less pleasing features of his life on this planet? 
     I say Hindustan, but I really mean anywhere on the earth; for 
research has shown that similar methods producing similar results are to 
be found in every country. The details vary, but the general structure is 
the same. Because all bodies, and so all minds, have identical Forms. 
     (6) Yoga means Union. 
     In the mind of a pious person, the inferiority complex which accounts 
for his piety compels him to interpret this emancipation as union with the 
gaseous vertebrate whom he has invented and called God. On the cloudy 
vapour of his fears his imagination has thrown a vast distorted shadow of 
himself, and he is duly terrified; and the more he cringes before it, the 
more the spectre seems to stoop to crush him. People with these ideas 
will never get to anywhere but Lunatic Asylums and Churches. 
     It is because of this overwhelming miasma of fear that the whole 
subject of Yoga has become obscure. A perfectly simple problem has been 
complicated by the most abject ethical and superstitious nonsense. Yet all 
the time the truth is patent in the word itself. 
     (7) Yoga means Union. 
     We may now consider what Yoga really is. Let us go for a moment into 
the nature of consciousness with the tail of an eye on such sciences as 
mathematics, biology, and chemistry. 
     In mathematics the expression a plus b plus c is a triviality. Write a 
plus b plus c equals 0, and you obtain an equation from which the most 
glorious truths may be developed. 
     In biology the cell divides endlessly, but never becomes anything 
different; but if we unite cells of opposite qualities, male and female, we 
lay the foundations of a structure whose summit is unattainably fixed in 
the heavens of imagination. 
     Similar facts occur in chemistry. The atom by itself has few constant 
qualities, none of them particularly significant; but as soon as an element 
combines with the object of its hunger we get not only the ecstatic 
production of light, heat, and so forth, but a more complex structure 
having few or none of the qualities of its elements, but capable of further 
combination into complexities of astonishing sublimity. All these 
combinations, these unions, are Yoga. 
     (8) Yoga means Union. 
     How are we to apply this word to the phenomena of mind? 
     What is the first characteristic of everything in thought? How did it 
come to be a thought at all? Only by making a distinction between it and 
the rest of the world. 
     The first proposition, the type of all propositions, is: S is P. 
     There must be two things—different things—whose relation forms 
knowledge.